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| Japanese Martyrs February 5, 1597 |
“We are gravely concerned about the current administration’s move,” Takeo Okada, archbishop of Tokyo and head of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan said of the statement. “We want to light a flame for a path that people should head to, which is the mission of all religious leaders.” The statement is as follows and below it is an Asahi Shimbun article about it.
Blessed are the peacemakers – Now especially,
peace must not depend upon weapons
To our Brothers and Sisters in Christ and to All Who Wish for Peace
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan issued messages marking the end of the Second World War in 1995 (Resolution for Peace -- On the 50th. Anniversary of the End of the War) and 2005 (Peace Message After 60 Years From the End of War World II -- The Road To Peace Based On Nonviolence -- Now Is The Time To Be Prophetic). In this year in which we mark the 70th anniversary of the end of the war, we wish to once again declare our commitment to peace.
1. The Church Cannot Remain Silent in the Face of Threats to Human Life and Dignity
For the Catholic Church, this is a noteworthy year because it marks the 50th anniversary of the closing of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).
In the first half of the Twentieth Century the Christian Church centered in Europe experienced two world wars and genocide against the Jews by Nazi Germany. Reflecting on these tragedies, the Church cannot close itself up with merely “religious” concerns. We have realized that the problems of humanity are our problems. The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, Gaudium et Spes, issued at the end of the Second Vatican Council, is a clear example of this insight, opening with the following words.
“The joys and the hopes, the griefs and the anxieties of the men of this age, especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted, these are the joys and hopes, the griefs and anxieties of the followers of Christ. Indeed, nothing genuinely human fails to raise an echo in their hearts.”[1]
From the end of the Second Vatican Council up to the papacy of Pope Francis today, the Church has actively faced the issues of human life and dignity, especially of those who are excluded or oppressed.[2]
2. The Decision to Renounce War
Japanese colonial rule on the Korean Peninsula until 1945 as well as acts of aggression against China and other Asian countries caused great suffering and sacrifice among people. The Second World War was a horrible experience for the Japanese people as well. Beginning with the Tokyo air raid of March 10, 1945, large-scale air raids struck many cities in Japan. In addition to the many Japanese and foreign troops who became casualties during land combat on Okinawa, many civilians suffered as well. Then finally there were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima on August 6 and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. These experiences gave birth to a desire for peace that was codified in the Constitution of Japan promulgated in 1946 based on the sovereignty of the people, the renunciation of war and respect for basic human rights. Following this peace constitution, Japan has striven to build relationships of trust and friendship with the nations of Asia.
Against the background of the Cold War and the subsequent fall of the Berlin Wall, the Catholic Church throughout the world has made increasingly clear its opposition to the arms race and the use of weapons to resolve disputes.
In his encyclical Pacem in Terris, Pope John XXIII said, "in this age which boasts of its atomic power, it no longer makes sense to maintain that war is a fit instrument with which to repair the violation of justice"[3] Vatican II in Gaudiam et Spes opposed the arms race, and urged peace that does not rely upon military force.[4] In his Appeal for Peace in Hiroshima in 1981, Pope John Paul II demonstrated this clear renunciation of war when he said, "War is the work of man. War is destruction of human life. War is death."
Given this historical background, it is a matter of course that we Japanese bishops respect the ideals of Japan’s no-war Constitution.[5] For Christians, the renunciation of war is demanded by the Gospel of Christ. It is a respect for life that cannot be abandoned by religious people and an ideal that is held firmly by the whole human race.
3. The Japanese Church’s peace vocation
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan knows that it has a special vocation to work for peace. It is not based upon any political ideology. We continue to appeal for peace not as a political issue, but as a human one. Our awareness of this vocation is, of course, influenced by the horrors inflicted by nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but it is also born of deep remorse when we reflect upon the attitude of the Church in Japan before and during the war.
During a Mass celebrated on September 26, 1986, at the plenary meeting of the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC) held in Tokyo, Archbishop Shirayanagi of Tokyo made the following declaration. “We Catholic bishops of Japan, as Japanese, and as members of the Catholic Church in Japan, sincerely ask forgiveness from God and from our brothers and sisters of Asia and the Pacific Region for the tragedy brought by the Japanese during the Second World War. As parties involved in the war, we share in the responsibility for the more than 20 million victims in Asia and the Pacific. Furthermore, we deeply regret having damaged the lives and cultures of the people of these regions. The trauma of this is still not healed.”
These words were not those of a single bishop. He spoke as president of the bishops’ conference, conveying the opinion of the whole conference.[6] As mentioned above, in their messages on the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the end of the war, the bishops continued to reflect upon the issue of the Church’s responsibility before and during the war and from that standpoint have expressed their determination in favor of peace.
4. Problems such as recognition of history and the exercise of collective self-defense
Seventy years after the war, memory of it is fading along with memories of Japanese colonial rule and aggression with its accompanying crimes against humanity. Now, there are calls to rewrite the history of that time, denying what really happened. The present government is attempting to enact laws to protect state secrets, allow for the right of collective self-defense and change Article 9 of the Constitution to allow the use of military force overseas.
At the same time, we cannot overlook growing nationalism not only in Japan, but among the governments of other countries in this part of the world. As tensions rise between nations, a strong commitment to improved relations through dialogue and negotiation rather than increased militarization becomes more important for regional stability.
Domestically, the situation in Okinawa presents a particularly serious problem. Compared to the rest of the country, the number of military bases there is especially high. New base construction is underway, contrary to the wishes of the citizens of the prefecture. This demonstrates an attitude that puts priority on armaments while ignoring people and efforts to build peace.
5. Amidst the serious crises facing the world today
Viewing the world today, the tragedies of military conflict and terrorism occur over and over again in many places. In addition to conflicts between nations and ethnic groups, now violence in the name of religion makes it increasingly seem as if throughout the world dialogue has become impossible. In that situation, women and children as well as ethnic and religious minorities are especially threatened and many lose their lives.
In the face of such worldwide destructiveness, Pope Francis has expressed concern that some people seem to speak of a “Third World War” rather than making sure we do not repeat the mistakes of the past.[7] The world faces the sorts of crises that cannot but cause people to wonder if force is the answer. What has become of respect for humanity? However, repeatedly answering violence with violence will only lead to the destruction of humanity.
The world is dominated by the globalization of companies and the financial system. Disparities continue to widen and the poor are excluded. Human economic activity is causing climate change and the destruction of biodiversity. If we wish to realize peace, this situation must change. We cannot ignore the problems of poverty and the environment that produce disparity and exclusion. We are each called upon to overcome our indifference to the world’s problems and change our lives. We cannot solve all the world’s problems at once, but we can patiently continue to work toward peace and mutual understanding.
In Conclusion
We recall the words of Pope John Paul II in his Appeal for Peace in Hiroshima:
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan knows that it has a special vocation to work for peace. It is not based upon any political ideology. We continue to appeal for peace not as a political issue, but as a human one. Our awareness of this vocation is, of course, influenced by the horrors inflicted by nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but it is also born of deep remorse when we reflect upon the attitude of the Church in Japan before and during the war.
During a Mass celebrated on September 26, 1986, at the plenary meeting of the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC) held in Tokyo, Archbishop Shirayanagi of Tokyo made the following declaration. “We Catholic bishops of Japan, as Japanese, and as members of the Catholic Church in Japan, sincerely ask forgiveness from God and from our brothers and sisters of Asia and the Pacific Region for the tragedy brought by the Japanese during the Second World War. As parties involved in the war, we share in the responsibility for the more than 20 million victims in Asia and the Pacific. Furthermore, we deeply regret having damaged the lives and cultures of the people of these regions. The trauma of this is still not healed.”
These words were not those of a single bishop. He spoke as president of the bishops’ conference, conveying the opinion of the whole conference.[6] As mentioned above, in their messages on the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the end of the war, the bishops continued to reflect upon the issue of the Church’s responsibility before and during the war and from that standpoint have expressed their determination in favor of peace.
4. Problems such as recognition of history and the exercise of collective self-defense
Seventy years after the war, memory of it is fading along with memories of Japanese colonial rule and aggression with its accompanying crimes against humanity. Now, there are calls to rewrite the history of that time, denying what really happened. The present government is attempting to enact laws to protect state secrets, allow for the right of collective self-defense and change Article 9 of the Constitution to allow the use of military force overseas.
At the same time, we cannot overlook growing nationalism not only in Japan, but among the governments of other countries in this part of the world. As tensions rise between nations, a strong commitment to improved relations through dialogue and negotiation rather than increased militarization becomes more important for regional stability.
Domestically, the situation in Okinawa presents a particularly serious problem. Compared to the rest of the country, the number of military bases there is especially high. New base construction is underway, contrary to the wishes of the citizens of the prefecture. This demonstrates an attitude that puts priority on armaments while ignoring people and efforts to build peace.
5. Amidst the serious crises facing the world today
Viewing the world today, the tragedies of military conflict and terrorism occur over and over again in many places. In addition to conflicts between nations and ethnic groups, now violence in the name of religion makes it increasingly seem as if throughout the world dialogue has become impossible. In that situation, women and children as well as ethnic and religious minorities are especially threatened and many lose their lives.
In the face of such worldwide destructiveness, Pope Francis has expressed concern that some people seem to speak of a “Third World War” rather than making sure we do not repeat the mistakes of the past.[7] The world faces the sorts of crises that cannot but cause people to wonder if force is the answer. What has become of respect for humanity? However, repeatedly answering violence with violence will only lead to the destruction of humanity.
The world is dominated by the globalization of companies and the financial system. Disparities continue to widen and the poor are excluded. Human economic activity is causing climate change and the destruction of biodiversity. If we wish to realize peace, this situation must change. We cannot ignore the problems of poverty and the environment that produce disparity and exclusion. We are each called upon to overcome our indifference to the world’s problems and change our lives. We cannot solve all the world’s problems at once, but we can patiently continue to work toward peace and mutual understanding.
In Conclusion
We recall the words of Pope John Paul II in his Appeal for Peace in Hiroshima:
“Peace must always be the aim: peace pursued and protected in all circumstances. Let us not repeat the past, a past of violence and destruction. Let us embark upon the steep and difficult path of peace, the only path that befits human dignity, the only path that leads to the true fulfillment of the human destiny, the only path to a future in which equity, justice and solidarity are realities and not just distant dreams.”[8]
We are encouraged by the words of Jesus Christ, “Blessed are the peacemakers” (Mt. 5:9). Seventy years after the end of the war and 50 years after the end of the Second Vatican Council, let us renew our determination to seek peace and to work for peace. We Catholics in Japan are small in number, but in union with other Christians and along with believers of other religions and those throughout the world who wish for peace, we renew our commitment to work to make peace a reality.
February 25, 2015
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan
Notes:
1. Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et Spes 1965 n. 1.Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et Spes 1965 n. 1.[back]
2. Pope Francis, Apostolic Exhortation The Joy of the Gospel (Evangelii Gaudium) (2013) n.182: “The Church’s pastors, taking into account the contributions of the different sciences, have the right to offer opinions on all that affects people’s lives, since the task of evangelization implies and demands the integral promotion of each human being. It is no longer possible to claim that religion should be restricted to the private sphere and that it exists only to prepare souls for heaven.”[back]
3. Pope John XXIII, Encyclical Pacem in Terris (1963) n. 127.[back]
4. Gaudium et Spes, n. 81. [back]
5. The Constitution of Japan, Preamble: “We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world.” Ibid. Article 9: “Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.” [back]
6. Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan plenary session, June, 1986.[back]
7. Pope Francis, Homily at the Military Memorial in Redipuglia, Italy, on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War. (September 13, 2014)[back]
We are encouraged by the words of Jesus Christ, “Blessed are the peacemakers” (Mt. 5:9). Seventy years after the end of the war and 50 years after the end of the Second Vatican Council, let us renew our determination to seek peace and to work for peace. We Catholics in Japan are small in number, but in union with other Christians and along with believers of other religions and those throughout the world who wish for peace, we renew our commitment to work to make peace a reality.
February 25, 2015
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan
Notes:
1. Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et Spes 1965 n. 1.Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et Spes 1965 n. 1.[back]
2. Pope Francis, Apostolic Exhortation The Joy of the Gospel (Evangelii Gaudium) (2013) n.182: “The Church’s pastors, taking into account the contributions of the different sciences, have the right to offer opinions on all that affects people’s lives, since the task of evangelization implies and demands the integral promotion of each human being. It is no longer possible to claim that religion should be restricted to the private sphere and that it exists only to prepare souls for heaven.”[back]
3. Pope John XXIII, Encyclical Pacem in Terris (1963) n. 127.[back]
4. Gaudium et Spes, n. 81. [back]
5. The Constitution of Japan, Preamble: “We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world.” Ibid. Article 9: “Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.” [back]
6. Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan plenary session, June, 1986.[back]
7. Pope Francis, Homily at the Military Memorial in Redipuglia, Italy, on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War. (September 13, 2014)[back]
8. Pope John Paul II “Appeal for Peace in Hiroshima” (February 25, 1981) n. 5.[back]
Japanese Catholic leaders voice concern over
Abe administration in peace message
Asahi Shimbun, April 28, 2015
By KENTARO ISOMURA/ Staff Writer
A statement released by Catholic leaders in Japan to mark the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II expressed their wariness over what they view as the nation's attempts to rewrite history and play a significantly larger defense role in the world.
“We are gravely concerned about the current administration’s move,” Takeo Okada, archbishop of Tokyo and head of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan said of the statement. “We want to light a flame for a path that people should head to, which is the mission of all religious leaders.”
When the bishops' conference issued statements to mark the 50th and 60th anniversaries, the Catholic leaders renewed their commitment to peace. But this year’s document was different from the previous two in terms of its strong language and the timing of the release.
Although it did not directly refer to the Abe administration, the statement was critical of moves to deny Japan's wartime actions and the government’s push to allow the Self-Defense Forces to use force overseas despite the war-renouncing Constitution.
The 16 prelates of the bishops' conference also issued the 2015 statement in February instead of August, when initially planned, and when the nation marks the war’s end.
The changes mirror the Japanese Catholic leaders’ mounting alarm with the administration of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and are based on “deep remorse” over its record before and during World War II. Like many other religious organizations in Japan, the Catholic clergy collaborated with the military government’s war efforts. One priest reportedly said, “Japan took up guns and stood up based on God’s will.”
Dated Feb. 25, the statement read: “Seventy years after the war, memory of it is fading along with memories of Japanese colonial rule and aggression with its accompanying crimes against humanity. Now, there are calls to rewrite the history of that time, denying what really happened.
“The present government is attempting to enact laws to protect state secrets, allow for the right of collective self-defense and change Article 9 of the Constitution to allow the use of military force overseas.”
Kazuo Koda, a bishop from the archdiocese of Tokyo who was involved in drafting the document, said he and other priests were initially reluctant to argue specific policy measures.
“But we became convinced that we must speak out with clarity that these are wrong,” he said.
Koda also explained the document's early release.
“We grew alarmed by the dizzying pace of developments in the political world," the bishop said. "So we decided that we should publish it as soon as possible.”
When a Japanese delegation of Catholic leaders traveled to the Holy See in Rome on a regular visit in March, Okada and other members briefed Cardinal Pietro Parolin on the message and the philosophy of the war-renouncing Article 9. Parolin, the Vatican's secretary of state, reportedly encouraged the group to lobby the Japanese government to start a dialogue.
But the document set off criticism on the Internet.
“People from religious circles should not intervene in politics,” said one post.
“Judging from the message, (the Catholic clergy) looks like nothing but leftist activists,” said another.
The document also touched on Okinawa Prefecture, home to 74 percent of all U.S. military bases in Japan, and took issue with the construction of a new base to replace an existing one in the prefecture amid fierce protests.
“Domestically, the situation in Okinawa presents a particularly serious problem," the document read. "Compared to the rest of the country, the number of military bases there is especially high. New base construction is under way, contrary to the wishes of the citizens of the prefecture. This demonstrates an attitude that puts priority on armaments while ignoring people and efforts to build peace.”
The Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan is not the only religious body critical of a sea change in Japan’s defense policy, which has occurred since Abe took office.
Many religious groups have expressed opposition to or concerns over the Abe Cabinet’s decision last July to enable Japan to exercise the right to collective self-defense by changing the decades-old interpretation of the Constitution.
Although Japan’s Christians represent only between 1 to 2 percent of the population, the bishops' conference statement appears to carry weight as it comes under the Vatican with 1.2 billion followers across the world.
The Holy See has been paying close attention to global confrontations and conflicts between states and ethnic groups.
It occasionally serves as a bridge between parties at loggerheads.
In the latest example, Pope Francis played a significant role behind the historic reconciliation earlier this year between the United States and Cuba.
The Vatican’s efforts to become relevant to the modern age stems from lessons learned from World War I and II, as well as its failure to save Jewish victims of the Holocaust.
A movement grew as a result within the Roman Catholic Church against its tendency to turn in on itself.
The movement led to the 1962-65 Second Vatican Council, in which thousands of bishops across the world met to discuss how to reinvent the Catholic Church to accommodate the needs of the contemporary world.
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